“Face Mill vs End Mill: Understanding the Difference Between Milling Types”

The first operations performed in the area of milling acts were the face and end milling. They both have some features as well as the domains of use. The two methods, their implementations, and their respective roles in engineering will be the main focus of this paper. However, this raises the question: how many ninja milling operations exist? What are the advantages of face-milling depression through CNC machines? What tools does one need to carry out face milling successfully? Last, we will examine the differences between face end and side milling types. Both conceptions and each specific operation or mechanism must be understood to choose the needed type or its modification for a particular task. Alright, let’s go!

What is Face Milling, in simple terms?

Exploring the Essentials of Face Milling Deep Waters.

Face milling can be described as the face milling of a workpiece using a multiple-tooth cutter rotating around the axis of the workpiece. Such a process is done regularly in most automotive, aerospace, or manufacturing industries. An examination of the cutting tool technology is used for face milling. File: Storage: Face milling has volume production capabilities and efficiency improvements using computer numerical control (CNC) machines. The rotation of the specific tool placed on the cutter in an appropriate location allows it to gradually advance along the workpiece’s surface after cutting and removing material. After finishing the cutting process, the required surface of the workpiece is obtained offline. Furthermore, the machining of surfaces is time-saving and improves both the quality and the efficiency of the processes involved, such as polishing. The highest quality components with tight tolerances and excellent surface finish can be produced using face milling processes using tools, feeds, and speeds.

Components of Manufacturing Operations Applying Horizontal Milling Machines

A horizontal milling machine is handy in face milling as various industries like aerospace, automotive, and manufacturing require relevant precision and efficiency. Face milling is an operation in which tools, feeds, and speeds are designed and provided to give smooth and exact surfaces with tight tolerances and good surface finish. An important distinction between face and end milling is the bending direction of cutting forces and the diversity of employed cutting edges. Because face milling is very useful in operations that need proper and reasonable machining of parts, it has a wide range of applicability. Some deciding factors in face machining or end machining include the complexity of the part, the kind of material to be machined, and surface quality requirements. The descriptions of other types of milling and methods and CNC machines also contribute to achieving the target in machining operations.

Wider Application of Face Milling Technologies and Their Application Area

In my position, I have observed that face milling has been applied in a number of industries. There are a few occasions when face milling is executed in the aircraft industry, such as when producing large structures like the surface of wings or casings, thanks to the aerospace industry. This technology is equally applicable to the automotive industry, where face milling is done to manufacture engine blocks, cylinder heads, and several other components that form part of the transmission system. Also, the oil and gas industry uses a face milling cutter to face hobs, parts of generators, and turbines that are used in oil rigs. Thus, it can be asserted that the diversification of face milling technologies is very useful in the above areas, as it allows the quality of manufactured goods to be maxi­ while meeting the established criteria.

What Are the Similarities and Differences Between Face Milling and End Milling?

Face Milling vs End Milling: Basic Distinctions

End milling and face milling are different in application, form, and shape. For face milling, suppose we have flat surfaces on a workpiece; large diameter cutters drive along the flat surface to cut, while the opposite is true in end milling, where the end of the tool, which is a smaller cutter, does the cutting into the surfaces. These two features are crucial in the differentiation of one technique from the other:

1. Cutting Direction: The end of the cutter is the tool that drills into the side or the end of the cut shape, which is a staple feature of end milling. Cutting processes are involved in both end milling and face milling, as well as the other way around. Still, in this case, the other side of the cutter drives motion, and this causes the rotation of the cutter to be perpendicular to the surface, which makes it possible to desert a much cleaner cut across the whole face.
2. Material Removal: Face milling is recognized for its high material removal rate, and it’s most useful during roughing operations and bulk removals. Likewise, end milling performs a similar task but with a smaller cutter, and this process is also known to be more precise while performing more detailed operations.
3. Tool Selection: For instance, in certain face milling applications, large robust cutters can be fitted; hence, heavy loads can be applied easily since depth doesn’t have a critical measure. In contrast, in end milling, smaller and lighter cutters are used, which include vertical walls for detailed output.

Exposure to such stark features makes it convenient for manufacturers and machinists to choose the appropriate milling technique, highlighting the specific demand. When faced with a choice of face milling and end milling, OEMs factor in issues such as material type, finish required, surfaces, and dimension tolerance in the selection criteria.

Applications for Face Milling and End Milling

End and face milling processes may be utilized in various areas with many objectives. This is how face milling and end milling and its end products are beneficial mostly;

1. Face Milling: Face milling is pertinent to the automotive, aircraft, and manufacturing industries. It is especially effective in generic tasks like surface creation, modification of surface finish, or abstract layer removal of materials over large regions. However, face milling is ideal for stock squaring and big part machining, accurately achieving flatness with two parallel surfaces.
2. End Milling: Stick-type and frame-slotted inserts of end milling type have already been commercialized. It can produce complex profiles, slots, drilled holes, and contours. Tool, die-making, and parts requiring close tolerances and distinctively machined features can use end milling.

In addition to these, project-specific, material-specific, and finishing requirements and dimension accuracy are some of the factors that should be considered when deciding on a milling technique. Being aware of these forces enables manufacturers and machinists to implement strategies concerning the milling processes and obtain the best possible results.

Selecting An Ideal Milling Method For Your Project

Multiple aspects should be considered when choosing the right milling method for your project. As an authority in the field, I have thoroughly analyzed the three most reputed sites in the Google Search results to provide you with a simple response.

The first step is to target the project’s goals, which may involve aspects like the surface quality you opt for, tolerances, and the material you use. Face milling, end milling, and peripheral milling are some of the essential methods that can be very useful for the particular tasks on hand.

The second factor is the workpiece when deciding on the best milling tool or method. Soft materials such as plastics and aluminum can use a high-speed decrease-cutting process; in contrast, metals like titanium and steel can work better with slow, high-performance milling. The specifications were needed to decide whether to use the face mill or not.

The last comment should aim to state that the milled end geometry is dependent on its tool and/or the efficiency that is required. One has to address some of the following concerns; production costs, longevity of the tool, and the time the process takes.

Once you have addressed these questions regarding your project, you can identify the suitable milling method that would lead to the desired functional features, controlled geometrical tolerances, and the targeted surface texture.

What Are the Different Types of Milling Operations?

Primary Types of Milling Operations Explained

As a milling professional with extensive experience in the field, please permit me to elaborate on the primary types of milling operations that are used by various industries. These milling techniques are selected by project requirements and the expected project outcome. Below are some of the milling operations described in brief with the help of credible sources and industry practitioners.

1. Face Milling: Face milling is a widespread milling method that enables the production of flat workpiece surfaces. It entails a face milling cutter that, for the most part, encompasses or comprises some cutting surfaces, cutting through the surface of the workpiece. Such a technique is employed to produce smooth and even surfaces, ensure that close tolerances are attained, and enhance the finish of the workpiece.
2. Peripheral Milling: This mechanism, also called plain milling, removes the material from the workpiece’s surface using a peripheral milling cutter. With this, it is possible to make slots, grooves and also complex shapes on the workpiece. It is resourceful and swift, enabling the construction of several geometries.
3. End Milling is a milling process in which the end or side of the workpiece is cut using an end mill. It is often used to cut pockets, holes, and chamfers. In end milling, it is possible to make a variety of shapes and sizes of features.

Professionals involved in the practical application of projects should possess knowledge concerning the basic sorts of milling operations and their scope of use and define the most appropriate technique for the size of each particular project.

Milling Processes Applied to Different Materials

Quite a few industries employ milling operations for cutting and remodeling materials. So, materials that have reached a particular shape are capable of being finished and remodeled in a specific manner. Such results are made for a particular project by applying various milling processes, as described in the tutorial. Some common operations include the following:

1. Face milling is a process that involves cutting across the end or side of the workpiece using an end mill. Face milling processes create shapes, such as pockets and holes, and different features, including chamfers of varying dimensions.
2. Peripheral milling: In peripheral milling, the tool cuts by moving in arcs around the circumference of the workpiece, diminishing the material according to the desired shapes and other distinctive features.
3. Slot milling: Used for creating slots and/or channels in a workpiece material so that other parts fit in with them rather accurately.
4. Shoulder milling: During shoulder milling, the shoulder of the workpiece is cut with milling lateral edges to make the meeting point of several surfaces with a good transition.

These milling operations are so versatile that they can be applied to various types of materials, such as metals, plastics, or even composites. This gives professionals what they need and an accurate rendering of their plans. However, professionals must also be aware of each milling operation’s capabilities and potential applications to select the most effective ones and achieve efficient outcomes in the process.

Milling Operations – What to Consider

Similar to different projects, there will be different approaches to the conditions that must be met for a milling operation. A few of the more obvious ones include the abrasive material, the intended roughness of the end surface, its size and shape, how many of them will be made, and what resources are present. Professionals will analyze the aspects mentioned above to make suitable choices regarding the milling operations to achieve the best possible outcomes and optimize the machining processes. In this case, it is also critical to adopt and practice the latest technologies and advanced industry approaches to make reasonable decisions.

Why Use CNC Face Milling Machines?

CNC Face Technology – the Latest Worsted in Face Making

The face designs of most complex or contoured products are created away from the workpiece or a block in a computerized cutting machine and then glued on the surface. I’d like to point out the localization of CNC face tech. Now, any product can be made with exemplary accuracy. Small angels are turned on CNC face striking tools. Block faces, and centers are located according to blocking faces and manufactured using CNC face techniques. The advantages offered by CNC mostly increased the productivity of the higher order. I shall attach particular importance to the extreme automation of modern technologies. The emergence of CNC appropriately increased the efficiency and effectiveness of operations.

Benefits of Using CNC for Face Milling In the Workpiece

As a professional in machining, I would like to begin by pointing out that the application of CNC (computer numerical Control) technology in milling, specifically face milling, has some craftsmanship merits. If I were using CNC machines only, any particulate operation would be repeatable and dependable. From the view of the application of CNC technology, the tasks at hand are probably the most versatile and with the least dependence on complexity and direction given to them. Each one of these tasks, by themselves, can only be considered ‘routine.’ By applying CNC technology to the face milling processes, I am assured that my work remains relevant and that the standards I aim for remain above the average.

CNC Milling Services: What You Should Know

Like most practitioners involved in CNC milling, I am determined to meet my clients’ expectations. Whenever you need CNC milling services, pay attention to the advantages and a high level of precision in your machining processes. By combining CNC technology in my work, I can produce remarkably dependable and accurate outcomes in as much as there is maximum productivity, accuracy, and efficiency at every production stage. Several features are offered with the help of CNC milling machines that can be expected when serviced:

1. Enhanced Control with Greater Precision: CNC milling machines‘ capabilities allow them to be used for production tasks that demand high precision and repeatability during part replication. The repetitive procedures involved in the processes are mechanically driven, so consistency levels are high, greater precision is attained, and all areas of the milling process are subject to oversight.
2. Improved Cycle Time and Productivity: CNC milling technology promotes increased efficiency through a high degree of automation in various machining steps. This automation capability means that production is more or less continuous, increases productivity, and lowers lead times. CNC milling services come with optimized tool paths and advanced cutting strategies, ensuring desirable surface finishes and performing well in managing complex geometries.
3. Versatility to Accommodate Diverse Needs: CNC milling services can execute the most complex machining tasks, from designing the simplest shapes to manufacturing the most complex items. CNC machines’ versatility allows different items to be manufactured from different materials, such as metals, plastics, or composites. CNC milling services are appropriate whether you want prototyping, small workpiece batch production, or even mass-producing goods at a high volume.

Most of all, CNC milling enables us to combine speed and accuracy while providing various machining services. With my knowledge and skills coupled with the CNC technology, all my work is tailored to any customer needs guaranteeing best possible outcomes.

Which Cutters Are Used to Face Mill?

Scaling a Face Cutter

In order for the machining operations to yield accurate and efficient output, one has to understand the basic subjects of some field operatives—face milling cutters in particular. However, when going for a face milling cutter, these factors should be taken into consideration:

• Type of Material: The cutter should be appropriate for the material being machined—metals, plastics, composites, etc. To enhance tool life, different cutting angles and coatings may be necessary.
• Cutter Essential that some amount of cutting be Employed: One must remember the recommended cutting parameters for that specific milling operation, such as cutting speed and feed rates. Just as material and cutting conditions will vary, so too will what each cutter has been designed for.
• Cutting Teeth: The number of cutting teeth in relation to the chip load per tooth and the surface of the machined part built Directly influences the teeth’ surface. Based on the tooth size and the requirement of the application under consideration, they’ve stated that tooth count should be chosen.
• Cutter Diameter: In face milling, the diameter of the cutting tool determines the cut depth and influences the operation’s stability. It is important to select the cutter diameter that is proportionate to the workpiece dimensions to avoid difficulties in chip removal.

Writing such factors in conjunction with the proper selection of the face milling cutter can improve efficiency in milling operations and obtain the desired precision and quality of the output.

The Relevance of Inserts and Their Cutting Edges

1. Insert Material and Coating: It has been observed that the cutting-edge insertion material and cutting-edge material coating will differ in their life expectancy. Some common materials used in insert materials are Carbide, ceramics, and HSS, which is high-speed steel. Every material has distinct attributes, such as hardness, wear resistance, and toughness, which are determining factors in the selection of milling cutter machining types. There are several coatings, such as TiN, TiCN, and TiAlN, which also help improve the material’s strength by providing abrasion and heat protection.
2. Cutting Edge Geometry: For the manufacturing of tools, the geometry of the cutting edge is also important, including features such as the rake angle, activities such as edge preparation, and the clearance angle. The presence of cutting forces is enhanced by the cutting edges responsible for the chip formation and the finish of the surface. Through the optimization of the cutting-edge geometry, it is possible to expand the tool’s life span, lower cutting forces, and improve surface finish quality.
3. Insert Shape and Size: These are the factors that include insert shape as well as insert size. The cutting ease, accessibility to a part within certain machining conditions, and the stability of the insert will rely on its shape and size. Square, round, triangular, and octagonal are some of the common shapes of inserts. To avoid interruption of proper chip evacuation and productivity, the depth of cut, the feed rate and the machines used must be proper for the insert size recommended.

Tool Wear and Maintenance for Extended Use

In most machining processes, the wearing of the tool is unavoidable and this directly affects the performance and the life of the cutting tool. For the tool to serve satisfactorily over an extended period, it is necessary to appreciate and manage tool wear that occurs through maintenance. Maintenance activities such as inspection, tool repair, cleaning, and changing worn-out inserts or cutting edges should be encouraged to avoid unnecessary tool failure. Also, appropriate cooling and lubrication techniques can reduce the amount of heat produced and, therefore, reduce the amount of wear on the tool. Following the cutting speeds, feeds, and depths of cut, which the manufacturers prescribe as cutting parameters, are also very important in sustaining tool efficiency and longevity. Suppose the factors of tool wear and maintenance are properly managed. In that case, manufacturers will ensure a steady and efficient machining process and avoid unnecessary delays and costs caused by frequent tool changes.

What Are the Disadvantages of Face Milling?

Potential Issues in Face Milling Operations

Face milling operations can pose several challenges that may adversely influence machinists in achieving the desired results. Some of such problems include:

1. Vibration and Chatter: An excessive degree of vibration while face milling increases the surface roughness and the tool wear rate. The cutting parameters and tools must be properly selected and appropriately managed to avoid excessive vibrations and optimize stability.
2. Tool Wear: As one of the primary modes of operations, face milling entails an interface between the planer and the workpiece, which is bound to cause some degree of wear over the course of operations. Proper and adequate monitoring, maintenance, and replacement of the tools is important to prevent deceptive performance and premature tool breakage.
3. Surface Finish Quality: The surface finish during face milling applications can be dictated by various factors such as tool deflection, ease of evacuation of chips, and the nature of the material being machined. The selection of appropriate cutting tools controls overfeeds and speeds, and the utilization of adequate cooling and lubrication methods would all help control the surface finish.
4. Chip Control: Effective chip removal during face milling is critical in avoiding chip re-cutting, which can spoil the surface finish and even damage the cutting tool. However, sufficient chip clearance and the use of effective chip control systems, such as through-the-tool coolant or chip breakers, will enhance chip removal processes.

If manufacturers recognize these challenges in face milling operations and take steps to address them, they will improve machining accuracy, surface integrity, and tool lifetime, enabling more efficient and economical manufacturing processes.

Constraints on Obtaining the Required Surface Alternatives

The face milling process is not easy, as there are many processes and considerations to consider. Let us consider some of the constraints experienced in face milling operations.

1. Tool deflection: Tool deflection results in the process deviating from the target surface finish mainly due to the tool bending due to cutting forces during process operations. Thus, proper tool selection about factors such as rigidity and geometry is important to prevent deflection and thus maintain accuracy.
2. Chip Evacuation: Chip re-cutting can significantly worsen the surface finish and damage the tool; hence, proper chip evacuation is vital. Inadequate chip clearance can also generate a situation where chips aggregate, leading to cutting obstruction. In cases where the tools can not effectively remove chips, baking them into the surfaces, the ganz parasitical surrogate professionals or similar specialists, the scientists with authority in their fields, use a combination of toroidal surfaces and steam jets.
3. Material characteristics: Another setback is that each material has certain attributes that can hinder the __ surface milling, thus making it challenging to create the desired alternative. __ Hardness, toughness, and chip formation are important considerations in the machining process. Once the material properties are established, the type of cutting tools and their feed rates that will be best for the particular material should be selected, and this way, the problems should be easily solved.

Knowledge and counter-measures to these tips will assist manufacturers in ensuring high standards of precision during machining, enhanced surface quality, and longevity of the cutting tool. The selection of appropriate tools, controlled chip generation, and the nature of the material should be taken into account to achieve the target surface during the face milling processes.

Approaches to Eliminating the Problems Faced in Face Milling

These makers consider the following techniques, most of which have been described before, to enhance the quality of the face milling performance and obtain high-level accuracy surface finishes.

1. Selection of Appropriate Tool: The cutting tool is undoubtedly an interesting factor influencing surface finish and quality parameters. Choose good, sharp tools that fit the material to be machined. Tool geometry, thin films, and cutting-edge configuration must be carefully selected.
2. Adequate chip control during face milling operations is important to prevent chip interference during the cutting process and accumulation. Proper chip removal methods, such as through-the-tool coolant or chip breakers, must be employed to ensure the quality of the surface finish.
3. Material Characteristics: Study the material properties so that appropriate cutting conditions are applied. Break down the strength, toughness, and site of chip formation so as to configure feeds and speeds suitable for those parameters. This wave helps to strengthen the machining processes, ensuring most of the undesirable material effects are eliminated.

When used together, these techniques also improve the productivity of face milling operations and, therefore, assure a good surface finish and better tool life. The key elements for success in face milling processes are adequate tool choice, optimized chip removal, and accounting for material properties, among others.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)\

Q: What distinguishes between face milling and peripheral milling operations?

A: The main difference between face milling and peripheral milling lies in the action of the cutter and its position. In the face, the cutter operates like a planer, cutting along the horizontal surface. On the contrary, peripheral milling employs the ends of a tool (cutter) and is concerned with getting slotted shapes, pockets, or contours on the required material.

Q: In face milling operations, which cutters machine large areas?

A: For large surface areas, a shell mill is mostly used as a face milling cutter. These large cutter heads with odd diameters can cut down large surface areas with fewer passes than smaller face-cutting tools.

Q: Do the spindle operational speeds remain the same in face milling and end milling machine processes? If not, why so?

A: The spindle speed depends on the tool’s cutting action on the material and the diameter of the tool. In general, mid-sized spindles are used in face milling due to the tool’s size and distance from the head. However, in end milling, high spindle speeds are often employed as the tool is much smaller and has to cut at high speeds.

Q: Mention the benefits of employing a face milling tool for surface finishing.

A: Face milling presents several benefits when used for surface finishing: 1. It is the ability to produce flat surfaces in short periods. 2. Distributing cutting forces over a large number of cutter teeth. 3. A surface that is of a better quality than most other conventional milling procedures. 4. Ceteris Paribas, to cope with rigid demands of face milling tasks. 5. Enhanced productivity in terms of material removal from large areas.

Q: In which way does a fly cutter differ from face milling tools?

A: A fly cutter is a very crude kind of face milling cutter that usually only has a single cutting edge. In comparison to face milling tools generally with two or more cutting edges, fly cutters are: 1. Economical 2. Appropriate for low-powered milling machines 3. Produce very good finishes 4. Less efficient in the removal of material 5. Typically, fly cutters perform light-duty face milling operations.

Q: What are the face milling cutting tool choices available?

A: Some face milling cutting tools include: 1. Shell mills 2. Indexable face mills 3. Solid carbide face mills 4. High-feed milling cutters 5. Fly cutters 6. Octagon face mills: Each type is suitable for a particular face milling task and the type of material to be used.

Q: When would you end the milling process and switch to face milling?

A: You would decisively use end milling rather than face milling in situations like: 1. Slotting, pocketing, or contouring 2. Small workpieces 3. More complex cutting needs 4. Plunge or helical motion 5. Vertical surface or side wall milling In general, end milling is better than face milling for more complicated milling jobs, though face milling requires more operations.

Q: When choosing a tool for face milling, what should be the predominant factors that one should consider?

A: In choosing a face milling cutter the following parameters should be considered: 1. Material of workpiece 2. Type of surface finish needed 3. Power and rigidity of machine 4. Cut parameters including depth of cut and width of cut 5. Desired production rate 6. Life and cost of the tool 7. Operating parameters (rotation speed, feed rate, developing thickness) 8. Availability of the coolant All these parameters will assist in determining cutting tools for face milling that best suit the specific use for the work at hand.

Q: In what ways does high-feed milling differ from the general face milling process?

A: High-feed milling is an implementation procedure of face milling, which makes it quite different from general face milling. These include 1. This uses unique axial-designed cutting tools which have a lower depth of cut 2. It feeds at much higher rates 3. In most cases, it produces thinner chips 4. It decreases cutting forces and heat generation 5. It causes higher material removal rates at some materials 6. It is normally intended for roughing operations, which follow face milling with the normal conventional method

Q: Can bore and perform peripheral milling operations using the same cutter?

A: It should be understood that although some of the cutting tools’ join both face and perform some peripheral milling, cutting tools are usually designed for one of the milling types and cannot perform the other. Some end mills with flat bottom tips will be useful in face milling in some instances, but they will not do it as efficiently as specially curved face milling tools. Likewise, If possible, most peripheral milling should be avoided since, in most instances, peripheral milling tasks will not be appropriate for face milling. To avoid making irrelevant mistakes, use single-purpose tools.

Reference Sources

1. “A machine learning model for flank wear prediction in face milling of Inconel 718” by Tiyamike Banda et al. (2023)(Banda et al., 2023, pp. 935–945):
   • Key Findings: A Gaussian kernel ridge regression model has been created to apply flank wear prediction in face milling processes with TiAlN/NbN carbo inserts coated with multi-layer physical vapor deposition processes. The model exhibited strong prediction capabilities concerning the input parameters cutting speed, feed rate, axial depth of cut, and cutting length.
   • Methodologies: The research involved experimental milling tests to collect data on flank wear, which was then used to train and validate the machine learning model.
2. “Tool wear prediction in face milling of stainless steel using singular generative adversarial network and LSTM deep learning models” by M. Shah et al. (2022)(Shah et al., 2022, pp. 723–736):
   • Key Findings: The research set forth a new approach that integrates singular GANs and LSTM models for the predicting of tool wear during face milling. The results showed significantly lower prediction errors which suggests the applicability of this method for the monitoring of the tool condition in real time.
   • Methodologies: The authors utilized a dataset of milling operations to train the GAN and LSTM models, comparing their performance against traditional predictive models.
3. “Precision Face Milling of Maraging Steel 350: An Experimental Investigation and Optimization Using Different Machine Learning Techniques” by A. T. Abbas et al. (2023)(Abbas et al., 2023):
   • Key Findings: This research paper investigated the impact of varying face milling parameters on the surface integrity, temperature developed during cutting, energy utilized during operation, and the material removal rate (MMR) of maraging steel in hot conditions. The authors argued that utilizing machine learning techniques in parametric optimization significantly enhanced the parametric optimization outcomes.
   • Methodologies: The authors conducted a series of experiments to gather data on the milling process. The data was then analyzed using multiple machine learning models, including support vector machines and random forests, to predict and optimize the machining parameters.
4. “Prediction of specific energy consumption during face milling of steel” by U. Prisco and A. Astarita (2023)(Prisco & Astarita, 2023, pp. 711–719):
   • Key Findings: This work developed an empirical equation for calculating specific energy consumption (SEC) in a face milling operation. It was shown that as the cutting speed increases, the SEC reaches a higher value but loses its presence at high speeds due to thermal alteration of the work material.
   • Methodologies: An experimental campaign was conducted on AISI 304 steel, varying cutting velocity, radial depth of cut, and feed rate while measuring the average power consumed.
5. “Effect of cooling and lubrication conditions on cutting performance and surface integrity of Inconel 718 superalloy in end face milling” by X. Lei et al. (2023)(Lei et al., 2023):
   • Key Findings: The research studied how different methods of cooling and lubrication affected the cutting and surface characteristics of Inconel 718 while face-milling it. It has been found that the application of cryogenic minimum quantity lubrication reduces to a great extent the wear of the cutting tool and enhances the surface finish quality as compared with dry and flood-cutting methods.
   • Methodologies: The authors conducted experiments under controlled conditions, measuring cutting forces, temperatures, and surface roughness to assess the effectiveness of each cooling and lubrication strategy.
6. Milling (machining)
7. Milling cutter