Understanding the Versatility of Galvanized Steel Sheets

Galvanized steel sheets are a crucial component in many industries and are extremely useful. Their incredible characteristics, such as corrosion resistance and cost-effectiveness, make them an excellent choice in the construction and even automotive industries. In this comprehensive blog post, we explain in detail all the aspects related to the world of galvanized steel sheets, which starts with the actual process of galvanization followed by hot-dip galvanization benefits, economic benefits of the materials as well as their finding techniques to avoid rust and corrosion. Stay tuned to this specific technical introduction pertaining to the subject of galvanized steel sheets and their various applications so that you can make the appropriate decisions for your projects.

What is the Galvanization Process for Steel Sheets?

The galvanization of steel sheets begins with adding a layer of zinc to the surface. Dubbed hot dip galvanization, this practice involves immersing steel sheets into melted zinc for added strength and protection from corrosion. The time in the molten zinc allows for metallurgical bonding to occur between the two substances. This results in a strong, thick layer between the steel and the environment, helping to shield it from rust and corrosion, thereby increasing the service life of the steel sheets. There is no denying that the hot dip galvanization process is effective at protecting steel; hence, it finds numerous applications, including construction, automotive, and manufacturing industries.

How Does Zinc Coating Protect Steel?

The application of zinc to steel serves as the primary protection against rust and corrosion. By means of hot-dip galvanization (i.e., a metallurgical process), the zinc alloy is combined with the steel surface providing it with a robust and durable coating. The hot-dip galvanizing coating works as a sacrificial layer because where the surface of the coat is scratched or damaged, the zinc layer deteriorates to save the countering steel base. This sacrificial measure aids in plug rusting and corrosion, which in turn enhances the life span of the steel sheets. There are, of course, many better-rust-proofing methods out there, but hot-dip galvanizing is still the most popular due to its cost efficiency and high level of protection on steel, which is useful for the construction, automotive, and manufacturing industries.

What are the Benefits of Hot-Dip Galvanization?

Hot dip galvanizing is one of the most effective methods for protecting steel across various sectors because it has many advantages. Here are the key advantages of hot dip galvanization:

1. Excellent Protection: Hot dip galvanization creates a strong barrier of zinc coating which repels rusting and corrosion. With such a protective coating, the steel sheets are acutely protected from ferric elements thus precipitating the endurance of the steel sheets.
2. Reinforced Durability: The sacrificial action of the zinc coating ensures that even if the surface of the galvanized steel sheets gets scratched or some of the coatings are lost, the zinc frosting secures the galvanization steel underneath from erosive elements. This auto healing tendency increases the life span of galvanized steel while lowering the maintenance cost thereby improving an organization’s efficiency.
3. Applications: Galvanized steel sheets can be applied in a wide range of use owing to its applications. Hot dip galvanized steel can be effectively employed in many activities including construction, automotive, manufacturing, and infrastructure projects in areas needing strengthening and ornamentation.
4. Cost Effectiveness: During its life cycle, the demand for ongoing maintenance of galvanized steel sheets is, however, very minimal. Due to the corrosion-resistive nature of the zinc coating, there is a reduced rate of wear and tear, therefore calling for infrequent repairs and no usage of expensive protective coats.
5. Environmental Considerations: Hot dip galvanizing is green technology. The zinc that forms the coating is naturally occurring and quite plentiful, and it can be recycled time and again without losing its properties. This ability to be recycled makes galvanized steel a preferable option for environmentally friendly industries.

With the use of hot-dip galvanized steel, industries will also enjoy increased corrosion protection, improved life expectancy, and lower maintenance costs for their steel structures, thus enabling protection and enhancing the performance of their steel assets over time.

Are There Differences Between Hot and Cold Rolled Steel?

While both hot-rolled steel and cold-rolled steel sheets are used interchangeably for various applications, they are made through distinctly different processes. Take a look at the key characteristics that set these two types of methods apart.

Production Process:

• Hot-Finished Steel: The hot rolling technique circumvents recrystallization by heating steel above its critical temperature, which allows for the formation of desired shapes. In order to reach particular thicknesses and shapes, the steel is forced between rollers under high temperatures during this stage.
• Cold-Finished Steel: The cold rolling technique is employed with steel sheets that have already undergone hot rolling. The sheets are compressed with rollers in order to change the thickness and improve the surface finish. The application of this technique comes with narrower tolerance as well as a smoother surface.

Surface Finish:

• Hot Fosished Steel: One of the most notable characteristics of hot-rolled steel sheets is its rough and scaled surface texture, which can be attributed to the high temperatures involved during operation.
• Cold Finished Steel: Unlike hot-finished steel, the cold-finished variety is smoother in terms of surface finish, as a result of having gone through additional processing as well as the absence of scale.

Mechanical properties:

• Hot rolled steel: While hot rolled steel isn’t precise in being dimensionally accurate and shows slight lesser mechanical properties than the cold rolled steel, its ductility is better and makes it ideal for use in structural applications.
• Cold Rolled Steel: Due to the cold working process, cold rolled steel possesses high dimensional accuracy, high strength, as well as increased hardness. It is used in places where excellent dimensions and smooth surface finish are required.

Cost and Availability

• Hot Rolled Steel: Hot rolled steel is less expensive and is available in plenty hence it is more suited for applications where the dimensions are not of much importance.
• Cold Rolled Steel: Compared to hot rolled steel, cold rolled steel has a higher price range due to the extra processing stages. It is mainly used in places that require more stringent tolerances and improved surface finishes.

Making an understanding of the difference between hot and cold rolled steel is a great aid to material selection for steel for specific applications. Other factors like cost, dimensional tolerance, surface finish, mechanical properties, etc are important factors to be considered in deciding the most appropriate steel for an application or industry.

Why Choose Galvanized Steel Sheets Over Other Materials?

Comparing Corrosion Resistance with Other Metals

Among metals, galvanized steel sheets boast excellent resistance to corrosion. The application of a zinc coating on steel serves to protect the steel’s base from factors that cause corrosion. Next, let us consider how galvanized steel corrosion compares to other commonly applied metals:

1. Steel: Relation to corrosion resistance, galvanised steel is better than plain steel. The presence of zinc on the coating offers an additional layer thus allowing the galvanized steel to be rust and corrosion resistant.
2. Aluminum: Aluminium does contain a degree of protection against corrosion, but galvanized steel exposes better results in more severe conditions. The zinc layer on electroplated steel allows the material to last longer in corrosive environments which are not and are not always required.
3. Copper: Copper has been one of the best corrosion resistant materials. However, in several environments, copper’s excellent protection against corrosion is matched by the zinc coating on galvanized steel, making it a lower-cost option.
4. Iron: Iron has a significant risk of being corroded or rust when exposed. The galvanised steel being steel combined with aluminium and zinc makes it more stronger as it provides immense shielding against corrosion which ensures it is resistant while being used in areas known for rusting.
5. Untreated Steel: As far as untreated steel is concerned threat of corrosion is ever present especially in ho humid environments. Steel that has gone through galvanization due to its coating of zinc offers way more corrosion resistance than untreated steel therefore making it ideal for outdoor as well as high humidity containing applications.

When the rust resistance capability of galvanized steel is compared to other metals, it can be observed very clearly that galvanized steel is among the best choices in the market as it provides prolonged shielding from a variety of elements including rust and corrosion across multiple environments and applications.

What Are the Advantages of Galvanized Metal Sheets?

Galvanized steel sheets are chosen in many fields due to the numerous benefits they provide , here are the key advantages:

• Impressive corrosion protection: thanks to the zinc coating, galvanization highly protects these metal sheets against rust and corrosion, thus increasing the life of the metal even in extreme environments.
• Durability: Galvanized metal sheets are durable. As such, they are economical no matter whether they are used indoors or outdoors.
• Minimal care requirements: Galvanized Metal Sheets have excellent corrosion resistance; hence, there is not much maintenance that would require regular repairs and replacement.
• Fabrication capabilities: Galvanized metal sheets have good stamping qualities, and can be formed easily into different shapes which suit a variety of applications in construction, automotive, and many more manufacturing industries.
• Low Cost: Among the metal sheets, galvanized is the most economical as it is much cheaper than other sheets which offer corrosion-resistant properties.
• Sustainability: Galvanizing has minimum waste generation, and the zinc coat of galvanized metal sheets is 100 % recyclable, which helps to keep the environment clean.

These features make galvanized metal sheets an excellent and meaningful solution for a wide range of industries. This is due to their enduring quality, which guarantees protection from corrosion for many years, and their effectiveness in many fields of applications.

Can Galvanized Steel Sheets Be Used in the Automotive Industry?

I can speak with confidence that galvanized steel sheets have a wide range of applications in the automotive industry. They are outstanding in their corrosion resistance as they are zinc coated, and thus, galvanized steel sheets can be used for several automotive parts. Be it body panels, chassis parts, exhaust systems, and even suspension components, galvanized steel sheets protect these components from rust and corrosion, which extends the life span of automotive structures. In addition, the fact that galvanizing is ecologically sensitive is also taken into account, especially because of the tendency of the industry to become more environmentally friendly, which is why car producers prefer it. Thanks to its outstanding characteristics, galvanized steel sheets enable the production of top-quality automotive products that last a long time.

How to Address Rust Problems in Galvanized Steel?

What Are Effective Methods to Prevent Corrosion?

In the context of planned and organized workmanship, several measures to avoid or minimize the chances of corrosion in galvanized steel can be employed. These measures aim to restrict the environment’s access to the galvanized coating. Some recommendations are:

1. Control of Moisture: Water is one of the most active components promoting corrosion of galvanized coatings. It is essential that the Galvanized steels material does not come into contact with prolonged moisture or humidity or standing water. Adequate drainage and ventilations controls assist in lowering the possibility of rusting of the steel.
2. Oversee & Maintain: Periodic checks are necessary to establish if any damages, for example scratches, have occurred to the galvanized coating which could make it ineffective. Any such occurrences should be remedied expeditiously either through repair or re-coating.
3. Avoid Direct Garbadine contact with Metals: Where possible it is advisable that galvanized steels NEVER come into contact with dissimilar metals which only worsen the steel’s condition where it leads to galvanic corrosion. The right materials to act as insulation or barriers can help by keeping galvanized steel and other metals apart.
4. Additional Layers of Coatings: For areas and terrains where the structures will be subjected to aggressive attacks of the natural elements, it is prudent to apply other protective layers over the galvanized steel surfaces, examples of such are epoxy or polyurethane coatings.
5. Proper Storage and Handling: Galvanized steel must be properly stored and transported so that it does not get scratched or damaged. Restrain galvanized steel sheets from being stacked or dragged, as this may harm the coating in any way.

The lifespan of the material would be substantially increased due to the resistance towards corrosion maintained throughout the time due to these striking methods. It will be essential to undertake maintenance works and follow other good practices so that hot dip galvanized steel does remain sturdy and effective in use.

How Does Thickness Impact Galvanized Sheet Longevity?

It can be said that the thickness of galvanized sheets is one of the factors that contribute to their life as well as their performance. Galvanized sheets that are thick, as opposed to those that are thin, will have a greater degree of durability and resistance to corrosion. This is because the thickness in the coating acts as a shield against corrosion since the majority of corrosion is brought about by environmental conditions such as humidity, moisture, or even the chemicals to which those sheets are exposed to.

A thicker galvanized coating also increases protection against scratching or abrasion, which may damage the coating and expose some parts of the sheet’s steel, which is prone to rusting.

It should be understood that the coating thickness that would be ideal for increasing the life of the sheets is based on their application and the corrosion resistance that is expected. Seeking advice from reputable suppliers or industry professionals can provide guidance on the suitable thickness to meet their needs.

By understanding how thickness affects galvanized sheet life and selecting the appropriate thickness for your applications, it is possible to increase the durability and ensure galvanized steel performs longer in other areas and industries.

Understanding the Different Types of Steel Used in Galvanization

What is the Role of Mild Steel in Galvanization?

Galvanized products utilize mild steel as their base raw material. As it has a moderate carbon content, it is well-suited for galvanization since it will have good zinc coating adhesion properties. Reasonably mild steel will have a zinc coating that acts as a shield against corrosion; corrosion will result in an aging factor and deterioration of the steel. This means that the combination of mild steel and galvanization leads to the creation of products that have a better degree of rust and corrosion resistance and, hence, can be used in more areas across different industries. In turn, if mild steel is employed in the galvanization strategy, then one can manufacture products that are dependable and durable for many industries and environments.

Exploring Stainless Steel Variants in Galvanized Products

Known for its high strength and its ability not to rust, stainless steel is extensively used in galvanized products. It has a very appealing look as well and is considered quite attractive. Popular variants of stainless steel that are often featured in many galvanized products include:

1. Austenitic Stainless Steel: A stainless steel variant that is useful because it has good resistance to corrosion and is very ductile. Such a steel has high amounts of nickel and chromium hence useful in highly corrosive environments.
2. Ferritic Stainless Steel: It is a variant of stainless steel that is normally associated with magnetism and is stress corrosion cracking resistant. This type has low amounts of nickel and higher amounts of chromium hence has fair corrosion and heat resistance for general galvanized products.
3. Martensitic Stainless Steel: It is a variant of stainless steel, hard and tough, that can be further treated with heat to improve its mechanical characteristics. For this type of steel, the corrosion is medium; however, it is widely utilized in high-strength and wear-resistance applications.

It is important to choose the correct grade of stainless steel for your galvanized products. Each one has distinctive features. As much as each product has its specifications, the environment and application are also key when working with your preferred supplier, which would help ensure a satisfactory outcome.

How to Order Galvanized Steel Sheets for Your Needs

What Should You Consider When Selecting a Supplier?

There are several important aspects which have to be taken into account in case if a supplier of galvanized steel sheets is sought.

1. Reputation and Experience: Methods of provider selection include checking search engines. Check the company’s history and high construction. What is their track record in supplying quality galvanized steel sheets and meeting your orders and specifications?
2. Quality Control: There is a need for the supplier to have good quality control measures to ensure that the customers get similar products all the time. Having accreditations would demonstrate a commitment to quality management measures.
3. Product Range and Availability: Investigate the breadth of the supplier’s offering to identify whether they stock the particular galvanized steel sheets that you require. Also, their stock availability and capacity to respond to your requirements expeditiously should be looked into.
4. Technical Support: A reliable vendor should be able to deliver technical support and assistance as may be required. This call should be attended to by only trained people who can assist in selecting, altering and cutting the galvanized steel sheets according to the needs of the clients’ projects.
5. Price and Value: The price- the cost to pay, need not be the overriding factor. The procurement specialist should weigh the worth of the supplier taking into account the products, customer care services, and other services that the supplier may offer.

With the consideration of these factors and the careful selection of a trustworthy supplier that fits your specific project needs, you can guarantee a dependable and satisfactory partnership when it comes to your galvanized steel sheet requirements.

How to Cut to Size Galvanized Metal for Specific Projects?

Cutting galvanized metal sheets can be as easy as cutting through butter, or it can be very sophisticated if the project is more specific and requires clinical precision. Below are some professional tips and tricks that will provide you with accurate and clean cuts:

Safety First: Before you even attempt cutting anything, at least wear goggles, gloves, and a dust mask to keep the worst of the debris and harmful particles from getting to you.

Choose the Right Tools: Get the right cutting tool for the thickness and shape of the galvanized metal sheet. Such tools include but may not limited to:

• Tin Snips or Aviation Snips: These are best for cutting thinner gauges of galvanized metal sheets. Tin snips cut metal sheets that are less than 24 gauge. There are three types of tinnsnip, left tin snip, right tin snip or a straight tin snip; the direction of the cut dictates the kind of the tin snip you will use.
• Nibblers: These tools can be used to cut non-symmetrical shapes; nibblers create a series of holes and cut through the metal along the holes.
• Circular Saw with Metal Cutting Blade: Applicable for thicker gauges that need to be cut straight. Straight cuts can be done using a circular saw that has a metal cutting blade.
• Angle Grinder with Cutoff Wheel: For long deep cuts or cutting bigger portions of galvanized metal sheets, dull angle grinders with cutoff blades are the best for the job.

Mark and Measure: Grab a straightedge and a pencil or a marker, and draw a cutting line on the galvanized metal sheet indicating the exact place to cut. Ensure to measure twice before making the cut.

Secure the Metal: If clamps or a vice are available, use those to secure the galvanized metal sheet onto a workbench to prevent vibrations and make sure it’s stable when cutting.

Cutting Technique: Adhere to these general cutting instructions to produce a cut cleanly and accurately:

• For straight cuts, the cutting tool should be placed on the marked line, and slowly cut with even pressure. There’s no rush; be patient and allow the tool to do its job.
• For curved or irregular cuts, nibblers or jigsaws would be more suitable. Begin the desired cut while focusing on smaller and more controlled cuts and as you cut, follow around the shape of the desired cut.

Deburring and Smoothing: Cutting creates sharp edges and burrs, which can be polished off with a deburring tool, a metal file or sandpaper after cutting is complete. This steps makes the final piece safe to touch and ensures a lower chance of snagging or injury.

Do not forget that when cutting galvanized metal, one must be very precise and attentive to detail. The assistance of a professional or a metal fabricator may be advised in projects that require complex or intricate cuts.

What are the Customization Options for Metal Sheets?

The most up-to-date information indicates that a variety of customization options are available for metal sheets in order to suit particular project requirements. These options include:

1. Dimensions and Thickness: Metal sheets can be customized in varying thicknesses and dimensions depending on the application it’s going to be used for. This results in an accurate approach to fit and perfect the strength of the structure.
2. Choice of Material: Metal Sheets can be constructed using varied materials such as stainless steel, aluminum, copper, or galvanized steel. Each material has distinct properties such as corrosion resistance, strength, or conductivity which allows for specific environments to be targeted.
3. Surface Treatment: Decorative elements such as brushed, polished or textured metal sheets can be manufactured in order to achieve the desired shape.
4. Customized perforated sheets: Custom perforated and flexible sheet metal can be altered based on hole arrangement, dimension or shape. Having this option allows builders to create forms that need patterns either for breathing holes, air filters or just for aesthetics.
5. Protective Film: Protective coverings such as films, paints or specialized coatings can be put on metal sheets in order to increase durability, prevent rust or even enhance the appearance. Such materials can be contained considering the specific environment the metal sheet will be placed in.
6. Engraving and Embossing: Metal sheets can be further personalized with embossed or engraved designs, logos, or patterns which are a good strategy for branding.

When choosing a metal fabrication provider or supplier, it is often the case that these customization options are not offered so it is crucial to double check. Such consultations are best directed to metal fabrication experts to discuss the needs for this specific project and ascertain what customization options will be available.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Q: Can you explain why galvanized steel sheet metal is different from other steel materials?

A: Galvanized steel sheet metal is made from steel which first coated with zinc by the method of hot dipping. Depending on the environment, this galvanization is the coating which greatly prevents corrosion, as it contains the factor of oxidation at any time during the depletion of life span of the steel products.

Q: Is it Safe To Weld Galvanized Steel Sheets, And What Are Some Of The Factors That You Need To Be Aware Of?

A: Yes, sheets of galvanized steel can be welded however there are harmful fumes produced as a result of the zinc coating. Therefore, it is best practice to do so in a space that is well ventilated, or a fume extraction system is employed. Moreover coating must be removed from areas which will have the welds made to make the welding Better.

Q: What applications are appropriate to use steel plates after a galvanizing process?

A: Steel plates after a galvanizing process demonstrate their versatility through wide application in roofing, enclosure and housing, electrical boxes, and machinery. Since they have excellent corrosion resistant properties, the plates can be used in the outdoors and in working environments where moisture content is a factor.

Q: Which formable properties of galvanized sheet metal are suitable for the production process?

A: Formability properties of galvanised steel sheet metal are very good which implies that the sheet can be easily bent, shaped or drill for particular project requirements. This is useful in the case of an industry where the manufacturing techniques demands a variety of shapes to be fabricated in detail.

Q: Is it possible to integrate galvanized steel sheets into the agricultural processes?

A: Yes, steel sheets after a galvanizing process are applicable in agriculture as they offer given strength and coriative protection within such evironments. They are commonly used for fabricating storage buildings, animal enclosures, and other agricultural buildings.

Q: What are the influences that would the ductility and the ease of processing of a galvanized steel sheet, after being coated with zinc?

A: The application of coating zinc on galvanized steel improves its ductility and ease of processing because it provides a gentle bend and allowing machining to be performed conveniently. It is therefore very amenable for many of the fabrication processes including those which require ornate work or intricate detail.

Q: How enduring is a coating of zinc on steel sheets when it performs as a barrier to corrosion?

A: A galvanized coat of zinc on steel sheets will most certainly guarantee that the sheet does not corrode that easily, of course this is due to the fact that it has a zinc layer coating. Such layers of coating could last for many years, even without the need of replacing the coating because it protects the underlying steel material.

Q: What are the means by which steel sheets galvanized can be made appropriate for a given project?

A: Galvanized steel sheets can vary in thickness and coating type as per the requirement of the project. The coating can also be galvanized as well as smoothened through processes such as cutting, therefore steel sheets can be used for various purposes from industrial use to being engaging pieces in a residential house.

Reference Sources

1. “A comparative examination of self-piercing riveting and resistance spot welding for automotive grade dissimilar galvanized steel sheets” by B. Asati et al.

• Publication Date: 10th October 2022
• Journal: The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology
• Summary: The purpose of this paper is to address some issues related to the utilization of self-piercing riveting (SPR) and resistance spot welding (RSW) for the fastening of automotive-grade dissimilar galvanized sheet steels. The objective of the research is to study the mechanical performance and micro-structural features of the joints. Their research evaluates the benefits and drawbacks of both technologies with automotive applications(Asati et al., 2022, pp. 1079-1097).

2. “Friction Stir Spot Welding of Dissimilar Quality Galvanized Steel Sheets Used For Automotive Applications With The Usage of a Consumable Sheet” by Surajit Gupta et al.

• Publication Date: August 08, 2022
• Journal: Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering
• Summary: The present work describes the application of friction stir spot welding with a consumable sheet (FSSW-C) to dissimilar galvanized steel sheets. The Evaluation of lap shear force and the joint microstructures was performed based on the self-piercing rivet joint. The spot welding was proven effective with FSSW-C as the lap shear fracture load attained after testing was found to be within 1.5 kN-2.2 kN, which is roughly half of that attained in the SPR joints(Gupta et al., 2022, pp. 1517-1528).

3. G. Ma et al.’s “A vision-based method for lap weld defects monitoring of galvanized steel sheets using convolutional neural network” appears to be the original work. 

• Date: 2021-04-01
• Journal: Journal of Manufacturing Processes
• Summary – This research work presents a vision based approach using convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to monitor the lap weld defects of galvanized steel sheets. The performance of the VGG16 model supplemented with data augmentation is found to be state of the art for defect detection, and the technique appears to be suitable for capturing the number as well as the position of standard definitions in the case of continuous welds (Ma et al., 2021, pp. 130–139) .

4. A. Das et al.’s “Joining of aluminium alloy and galvanized steel sheets multimaterial assembly using a gas metal arc based process” appears to have been published in the year 2021 and is appearing for the first time in this Journal. 

• Published: 2021
• Journal: Tecnologia em Metalurgia, Materiais e Mineração
• Summary—This paper examines gas metal arc welding of aluminum alloy with galvanized steel sheets. The study’s scope is narrowing thermal distortion and minimizing the occurrence of brittle intermetallic compounds. The findings indicate that the application of proper heat input could give the desired welded joints that are uniform and without any distorting effects (Das et al., 2021).

5. Multi-Objective Optimization of Process Parameters in Resistance Spot Welding of A36 Mild Steel and Hot Dipped Galvanized Steel Sheets Using Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm” by B. V. Feujofack Kemda et al.

• Publication Date: 04 July, 2021
• Journal: Metals and Materials International
• Summary: This research article uses a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm to optimize process parameters in the resistance spot welding of A36 mild steel and hot-dipped galvanized steel sheets. The study seeks to improve the quality of work as well as the efficiency of the welding processes (Kemda et al., 2021, pp. 487-502).

6. “Analysis of Galvanized Steel Sheets Fabrication in Cold Rolling Shop and Identification of Local Impacts Contributing to Corrosion of Metal-Products” by V. Kukhar et al. 

• Publication Date: 14 April, 2021
• Journal: Solid State Phenomena
• Summary: This article covers the reviews concerning the local steel sheet rolling processes and the manufacturing process of galvanized steel sheets in a confined cold rolling shop while distinctly outlining local impacts that contribute to corrosion. The study emphasizes the need for improvement of such processes in order to avoid substandard coatings that may lead to corrosion in the future (Kukhar et al., 2021, pp. 873-879).

7. Galvanization

8. Steel

9. Metal