Polyvinyl chloride, or PVC, is one of the most flexible and widely used thermoplastics in various industries. Construction and medical devices have been made using polyvinyl chloride because of its stamina, low cost, and versatility. However, one of the primary factors that is important for its applications and the desired performance is the polyvinyl’s softening temperature, which, more appropriately, is the melting point. Such a term is critical for engineering works and research because manufacturers need to know how to best polyvinyl chloride under specific conditions. This article focuses on the factors of melting of PVC, its thermal properties, and the effect on functionality in different environments, and why they are critical. This article will shed some light into the intricate world of thermal characteristics of polyvinyl chloride for the people who deal with manufacture, design, or material science.
What is the melting point of PVC?
Unlike PVC, crystalline substances possess a defined melting point. PVC starts to decompose at temperatures above 392°F (200°C) and begins softening near 176°F (80°C). These thermal characteristics enable the versatile use of PVC while also highlighting the need to exercise careful temperature control during processing and use.
Explaining the melting temperature of PVC
The amorphous structure of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) causes it to exhibit specific thermal characteristics. PVC does not have a distinct melting point; rather it softens within a certain temperature range. PVC typically begins softening around 80°C (176°F), and it thermally degrades around 200 °C (392 °F). The molecular structure of PVC is held together by chemical bonds, which at elevated temperatures breaks, thus liberating hydrogen chloride gas PVC.
The thermal stability of PVC is known to be improved by adding heat stabilizers and plasticizers, which allows for better control of the processing temperature. For example, the mechanical properties of rigid PVC used in piping systems are engineered to maintain integrity when exposed to 60°C (140°F) for prolonged periods. Conversely, often containing higher levels of plasticizers, flexible PVC softens at lower temperature ranges but are lower due to their modified composition.
These characteristics of softening and degradation of PVC become very useful in industrial settings where management of temperature becomes critical for ensuring prolonged product life as well as performance. However, these characteristics provide aid in understanding the level of precision required in formulating PVC materials intended for construction as well as medical devices.
Factors affecting the melting point of PVC
Owning to the amorphous structure of polyvinyl chloride (PVC), its melting point is not a specific value and is rather dependent on various factors. However, it usually features a glass transition temperature (Tg) of around 80° to 85° C, along with a decomposition temperature in the range of 140° to 160° C. Some of the core factors that determine the melting behavior and thermal stability of PVC are:
The molecular weight of PVC has a direct impact on the economic worth of PVC as products, along with its polyvinyl chloride fabrication depends on PVC’s molecular weight.
Increase in the molecular weight of PVC improves the compound’s thermal resistance. The thermal stability of polymers is also known to be impacted by the molecular weight of the polymers. Higher molecular weight polymers possess elevated softening points which makes them more thermally stable during processing.
Plasticizer Content
The softening range or the thermal stability of PVC is significantly lowered due to the use of plasticizers. Depending on the type of and the concentration of the plasticizer, plasticized PVC which is often used in flexible applications such as cables and films, can soften at temperatures below 60 °C.
Fillers and Additives
Stabilizers, fillers, and other additives can remarkably alter the thermal features of PVC. For instance, calcium zinc compounds, which are used as heat stabilizers, increase the thermal stability of the PVC while extending the lifespan of the material in higher temperature applications.
Crystallinity
Although PVC is primarily amorphous, some crystalline regions may develop as a result of the processing methods used. The impact of these crystalline regions on the properties such as softening, thermal, and mechanical are minimal.
As emphasized in the chapter on Processing Techniques in PVC, these factors are also important as they determine the quality of the product.
Extrusion and injection molding, among other processing techniques, alter the structure of PVC and, therefore, its thermal properties. The application of shear forces and heat to the material during these processes can modify the degree to which the material softens.
Environmental Conditions
Other changes, such as exposure to UV radiation and increased or decreased humidity levels, can accelerate the degradation of PVC over time, changing its thermal properties. This is especially important in outdoor conditions, where temperature cycling can accelerate the aging of the material.
Recent Data and Applications
The recent developments related to the formulation of PVC claim that the addition of certain stabilizer systems allows for thermal stability over 200° C when processed with proper aids. For example, it has been shown that the use of some heat stabilizers, such as organotin compounds and modern calcium organic stabilizers, increases the temporal resistance of thermal decomposition, thus extending the application of PVC in elevated temperature conditions like wire and automotive component coatings.
Additionally, research is been done with nano-fillers like nano-clays or carbon nanotubes that aim to improve structural integrity and thermal resistance. Such innovations are in sync with the industry’s movement toward enhancing the sustainability and longevity of polymers.
Comparison with other thermoplastics
Unlike other thermoplastics such as polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC) has many distinguishing features. Unlike PVC, other plastics suffer degradation due to external forces such as UV rays, weather, and flame. Therefore, PVC is more suited for long-term outdoor use. In addition, PVC comes with built-in flame resistance, which is uncommon to PE and PP. On the contrary, engineering thermoplastics such as polycarbonate (PC) and polyamide (PA) outperform PVC in impact strength and thermal stability, making them more suited for high-performance applications. Regardless of these setbacks, PVC remains affordable, flexible, and efficient for consumer and industrial use due to the adjustable features it offers and the performance it provides relative to its price.
How do molecular weight and additives influence PVC?
The role of molecular weight in PVC
Molecular weight is one of the most important determinants of the physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of polyvinyl chloride (PVC). It is generally accepted that higher molecular weight PVC resins have greater tensile strength, elongation at break, and impact resistance, making these materials more suitable for construction and industrial piping. Conversely, lower molecular weight grades of PVC are easier to process as they have lower viscosity, enabling greater production rates in extrusion and injection molding.
Empirical studies indicate that PVC with a K-value (which is often used as an indirect measure of molecular weight) between 57 and 70 performs better than other grades for general industrial purposes. Values K above this range result in greater molecular chain entanglement, which increases shear viscosity, thus making the material more challenging to process. The molecular weight of PVC also affects its glass transition temperature (Tg), which is relevant for flexibility and thermal susceptibility. Higher molecular weights raise Tg but make the material stiffer.
To adjust the properties of PVC, manufacturers my raise or lower molecular weight during polymerization for particular applications. For example, window profiles and various automotive parts require higher molecular weight grades of rigid PVC, while flexible PVC used in wire insulation and flooring utilizes a lower molecular weight with compatible plasticizers to boost elasticity. Striking a balance between molecular weight and other processing conditions or formulation additives remains essential to achieving optimal performance.
How additives affect PVC properties
Additives enhance the characteristics of PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride) plastic to cater to distinct uses, achieving technological goals. Every category of an additive improves specific facets of PVC, which can then be utilized in varying industries. Some major categories of additives impacting the performance of PVC are plasticizers, stabilizers, fillers, and impact modifiers.
Flexible PVC has plasticizers as one of its most important additives. The intermolecular forces present between the chains of the plastic polymer are reduced, thereby increasing its flexibility and elasticity. Phthalate and non-phthalate plasticizers, for example, increase the elongation at break, thereby widening the flexible applications of PVC in cables, hoses, and medical tubing.
Stabilizers are added to maintain the structure of PVC when it is subjected to high temperatures and during processing. Commonly used stabilizers, like the metal-based organotin or the calcium-zinc systems, guard against the thermal degradation of the material, which leads to the discoloration or the loss of the mechanical strength. Due to their non-toxic characteristics, Organotin stabilizers are most favored for high-purity uses such as food packaging and medical devices.
Mechanical strength, rigidity, and cost effectiveness of PVC can be enhanced by using fillers such as calcium carbonate, talc, or silica. For example, calcium carbonate enhances the tensile strength while reducing the cost of production of the PVC without considerably increasing its density.
Acrylic copolymers and chlorinated polyethylene (CPE) improve the impact resistance of rigid PVC. Data suggests that formulations with greater impact modifiers tend to be more resilient, thus more appropriate for outdoor uses, including cladding and window profiles that are subjected to impact and environmental stress erosion.
The exact selection and amount of these additives is guided by the intended usage, the environment, and the processing methods used. Additive technologies have also concentrated on enhancing the recyclability of PVC products and the overall ecological impact, as well as sustainability compliance. Such developments broaden the applications of PVC as a material designed for modern needs.
What are the physical properties of PVC?
Understanding rigid PVC and its applications
The name ‘Rigid PVC’ or ‘unplasticized PVC’ is widely known and associated with its remarkable stiffness, strength, and durability against the weather. Its tensile strength, which is ranging between 45 to 80 MPa, is very beneficial for structural purposes. It also has a notable level of resistance against chemical corrosion, UV rays, and moisture, ensuring proper performance even in extreme conditions, especially in regions where high melting temperatures are encountered.
An example would be in the construction field, where rigid PVC is utilized for pipes, window frames, and even siding. It is also remarkably efficient in closing thermal gaps, making it further an energy-efficient building material. For instance, rigid PVC pipes have a long life expectancy, are low maintenance, as well as resist scaling, making them ideal for usage in water distribution and drainage systems. Moreover, uPVC doors and windows are thermally insulating, significantly adding to a building’s energy efficiency.
Moreover, due to the superb flame resistance and electrical insulation, the material is used widely in the electrical and communication sectors. These characteristics make rigid PVC useful in conduits, protective coverings, as well as cable insulators. The automobile industry utilizes the lightweight and stiff composition of the material to upgrade components such as the instrument panel or trim of the vehicle.
The recent advancements in rigid PVC have concentrated on sustainability, including the developments in recycling technologies and the use of bio-based materials. All these steps not only mitigate environmental harm but also enhance market opportunities in tune with world mandates, which cements the position of rigid PVC as a vital material for future advancements.
The thermal properties of PVC
The thermal properties of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) are critical for its performance in many applications, and it demonstrates distinct features in this regard. The thermal decomposition temperature for PVC, depending on the formulation, typically lies within the range of 140 to 180 degrees Celsius (284 to 356 degrees Fahrenheit). With increasing temperatures, PVC is subjected to dehydrochlorination, which discharges hydrogen chloride (HCl) gas and modifies its mechanical and physical characteristics.
To improve thermal stability, modifiers and heat stabilizers are added to the PVC formulation. These organic tin compounds and metal salts of carboxylic acids significantly improve the resistance to the thermal degradation of the compound. PVC’s thermal conductivity, which is approximately 0.14 W/m-K, is relatively low and, therefore, makes it suitable for insulation applications where restriction in temperature control is a priority.
With recent advancements, the thermal properties of PVC have been enhanced by changing the formulation to increase stability at elevated temperatures. Furthermore, the material is designed to maintain its structural integrity after prolonged exposure to fluctuating temperatures, thereby allowing its use in harsh industries like construction, automotive, and electrical. These attributes reflect the flexibility of PVC and its importance in ideal environments.
Exploring the mechanical properties of PVC
Tensile Strength and Elasticity
Compared to other materials, PVC (polyvinyl chloride) has one of the greatest tensile strengths, which gives it an advantage in many applications. Rigid PVC, for example, possesses a tensile strength of around 2,000 to 5,000 psi (pound-force per square inch) based on its particular formulation and processing methods. These factors ensure that PVC does not mechanically deform under stress, allowing it to be used in structural and load-bearing applications.
Moreover, within certain parameters of the material, PVC can stretch and deform elastically. While it is considered a rigid plastic (uPVC), some formulations of PVC contain plasticizers which make it more flexible. Its flexibility is highly important in the production of PVC cables, pliable hoses, and flexible pipes that require mobility and high resistance to breaking.
Impact Resistance and Hardness
The ability of PVC to withstand the impact of a sudden force without being broken or damaged is another important mechanical property. Rigid PVC, for instance, is designed with the ability to withstand sudden impact, and certain formulations even enhance toughness at sub-zero temperatures. Recent trends in manufacturing, however, have included the use of modifiers like acrylic impact modifiers, which make the material more versatile by improving resistance to harsh environmental conditions.
Another recognized property of PVC is its hardness, which is often evaluated by the Rockwell hardness test. Rigid PVC usually falls in the R100 range, which indicates robust surface hardness. Such materials are highly impermeable to surface abrasions and deformation, enhancing their usefulness in difficult conditions.
Compression And Shear Strength
PVC also has remarkable compression and shear strength properties critical to applications with static or dynamic loading. For rigid PVC, the compressive strength spans from 7,000 to 8,000 psi, which guarantees support for significant weight without substantial deformation. This characteristic is important in piping systems where the material needs to withstand internal pressure as well as external mechanical forces.
Although the shear strength of PVC is somewhat lower than its tensile and compressive strengths, it is still satisfactory for most industrial applications. Its capacity to handle forces that act parallel to its surface also demonstrates the usefulness of PVC in mechanical applications.
Fatigue Resistance
PVC is not commonly considered a high-cycle fatigue material, but research indicates that it does not fail under moderate cyclic loading, which adds reliability for products exposed to repetitive forces like sealing components or machinery parts.
Summary of Key Mechanical Properties
|
Property |
Typical Value (Rigid PVC) |
|---|---|
|
Tensile Strength |
2,000–5,000 psi |
|
Compressive Strength |
7,000–8,000 psi |
|
Hardness (Rockwell Scale) |
R100 |
|
Impact Resistance |
Enhanced with modifiers |
|
Elastic Modulus |
~400,000 psi |
The mechanical properties of PVC are integral to its widespread application across industries. The material’s adaptability, combined with ongoing advancements in formulations, continues to position PVC as a high-performance solution for modern engineering and manufacturing challenges.
How does rigid PVC differ from flexible PVC?
Characteristics of rigid and flexible PVC
PVC Materials (uPVC):
Also referred to as unplasticized PVC (uPVC), Rigid PVC is a formidable and lasting material employed chiefly in construction and industrial activities. It has augmented tensile strength and impact resistance while maintaining remarkable stability over a wide range of temperatures. The absence of plasticizers in Rigid PVC accounts for its stiff and robust structure, which defines its qualities. It has a tensile strength of about 7,500-10,000 psi, a density of approximately 1.3-1.45 g/cm³, as well as noteworthy resistance to chemical and UV radiation. Rigid PVC is used in the construction of pipes, window frames, fittings, and automotive components, where these attributes are critical.
Flexible PVC:
PVC is classified as flexible when manufactured with plasticizers, which increases its softness and pliability. It attains a more elastic state when transitioning from solid to liquid form. Flexible PVC, due to its Shore A hardness range of 40-90, is resistant to abrasion and exposure to oils and chemicals. This form of PVC is predominantly utilized in the production of electrical wiring insulation, hoses, medical tubing as well and flexible sheets. The tensile strength of flexible PVC is between 2,500–3,500 psi, and it possesses a lower elastic modulus than rigid PVC, which allows it to bend and deform under load without breaking.
Utilizing these distinct characteristics of both rigid and flexible PVC enables manufacturers to meet the needs of different industrial, medical, and consumer markets. Moreover, this adaptability underscores why PVC is among the most versatile polymers in modern engineering and technology.
Applications of rigid PVC and flexible PVC
Uses of Rigid PVC
Construction and Building Materials
Due to its low maintenance needs, weather endurance, and durability, Rigid PVC is widely used in the construction industry. It can be found in pipes, siding, and window frames. For example, because of its corrosion resistance and high tensile strength, PVC pipes make up around 66% of the world’s water distribution systems.
Electrical Insulation is another application area of PVC, which is also used because of its excellent dielectric properties.
As a thermal and electrical insulator, Rigid PVC is used in industrial and residential buildings for electrical conduits and cables. Its low cost in addition to its fire-retardant qualities makes it suitable for these applications.
Automotive Components
Dashboards, door panels, and some other interior components are made using rigid PVC in the automotive industry. Its low cost, coupled with high durability and ease in molding, makes it practical for precisely manufactured parts composed of PVC.
Packaging
For the manufacture of blister packs, clear rigid PVC is frequently employed. It is strong, transparent, protects consumers goods from moisture and contamination, making it an efficient barrier.
Use Cases of Flexible PVC
Medical Devices
Flexible PVC’s biocompatibility and ability to endure sterilization makes it ideal for use in medical tubing manufacturing, blood bag production, and oxygen mask assembly. It is worth noting that physicians grade PVC claim that 40% of medical-grade polymers used each year are in the form of flexible PVC, indicating the versatility of PVC.
Wall and Floor Coverings
Because of its relative strength and ease of sanitation, flexible PVC is especially well-suited for use as vinyl flooring or wall coverings in businesses and even industrial establishments. It is often favored for its noise absorption capabilities as well as being waterproof.
Consumer Devices
Flexible PVC’s application as an insulating sheath for wires and cables locks in ruins and moisture, making its use in a variety of electronics highly advantageous. Moreover, its affordability makes flexible PVC ideal for use where shielding wires and cables incurs additional expenses.
Clothing and Footwear
Flexible PVC is dominantly used as a raw material for construction of waterproof jackets, rain boots, and even bags. In addition, it is pliable enough to be used in clothing design unlike others that are too rigid, making room for the imitative leather alternates discussed above.
Hoses and Tubing
Flexible PVC is commonplace in agriculture and industry as it can be utilized in hoses for water and air. It’s durability to abrasions, ultraviolet rays, and chemicals makes it particularly useful. Flexible PVC tubing has a burst pressure of 150 to 400 psi depending on formulation of the material and thickness of the walls.
Both types of PVC, flexible and rigid are equally important in the modern industry, showing their value in engineering, healthcare, construction and much more, and in everyday applications.
The impact of plasticizers on PVC
Additives which alter the properties of PVC (Polyvinyl chloride) for the betterment of its flexibility, elasticity, and durability are termed plasticizers. The addition of plasticizers helps in transforming the rigid polyvinyl chloride into a versatile material useful in medical devices, flooring, cables, and synthetic leather, among others. Phthalates like DEHP, which is Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate, DINP (Diisononyl phthalate), and DOTP (Dioctyl terephthalate) are among the most widely utilized plasticizers, however, there is a rising demand for non-phthalate substitutes due to health risks and environmental implications.
In most applications, the concentration of plasticizers having lower bounds of 10% and upper bounds of 70% are desired, matching the required properties of the material needed. Research shows that the addition of plasticizers lowers the polymer’s glass transition temperature (Tg) which increases flexibility and processability. Properly plasticized PVC products are achievable in adherence to the elongation rates exceeding 300% target which makes them ideal for stretchable and flexible applications. Besides the mechanical improvements, plasticizers may also enforce changes to the materials’ chemical resistance, heat stability, and electrical insulation properties.
As of today, plasticizers are used on a global scale, with their annual consumption surpassing 7.5 metric tons. On more positive note, the leaching of certain phthalates from the finished products and the risk of migrating from the environment is leading to the creation of safer substitutes. Stricter guidelines aim towards bio-sourced or non-toxic plasticizers like Citrate and ESBO while still keeping the performance pegged to non-regulatory standards.
Research and development activities in the technology of plasticizers have made certain that today’s applications of PVC remain operationally viable and sustainable in the future. These developments demonstrate the extent of the impact that material science has on industrial needs. Most importantly, they highlight the significance that plasticizers hold for modifying the attributes of PVC for today’s safety and performance benchmarks.
What are the industrial applications of PVC?
Common uses for PVC pipe and window frames
Durability, corrosion resistance, and cost-effectiveness make PVC pipes popular for use in plumbing, irrigation, and drainage systems. Moreover, these pipes are effective in the transportation and conveyance of fluids like water in residential, commercial, and industrial settings. Conversely, ease of maintenance, long lifespan as well and excellent insulation properties make these windows favorable, thus, window frames made of PVC are commonly chosen. This application further demonstrates the versatility of PVC as it meets functional and economic requirements in varying industries.
Cable insulation and other uses for PVC
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is a vital material in electrical and industrial functions like cable insulation. One of the main reasons it’s preferred for cable insulation is its remarkable electrical insulation properties, which guarantee safety in both high voltage and low voltage applications. Moisture, UV light, and temperature changes do not affect PVC coated cables, threrefore making it suitable for outdoor and underground installations.
Apart from cable insulation, PVC is used in diversified industries due to its unique combination of characteristics. For example, PVC flooring is popular in homes, businesses, and healthcare facilities due to its durability, anti slip qualities, and low maintenance. It’s anti-chemical properties, along with its pliability and ability to be sterilized makes PVC a prime example of modern medicine for blood bags, IV tubes and protective coatings.
Data shows what we all know about PVC: Its in a lot of industries worldwide. The global market for PVC is estimated to surpass $90 billion by 2028. The increase in construction, electrical work and healthcare is driving this figure. The plastics adaptability, low cost and ease of recycling make it clear why PVC is still a leading component in modern infrastructure and manufacturing.
Safety considerations for PVC in high-temperature environments
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is a range-encompassing polymer with various applications; however, its workings and safety at high temperatures are of concern. It is known that PVC degrades thermally over time, meaning that it starts deteriorating after being kept for long periods at temperatures above 60°C/ 140°F and tends to get worse at greater than 100°C/ 212°F. The PVC will also emit hydrogen chloride gas at these higher temperatures, which, in these circumstances, at an elevated molten state, poses health risks aggravated by accretion’s corrosion. This further propagates the weakening of capabilities like tensile strength, flexibility, and endurance, leading to its unsuitability in applications where enduring harsh conditions for long is required.
Incursion of these modifiers usually includes thermal stabilizers, which elevate PVC’s thermal endurance and consequently mitigate threats. Calk and tin-based stabilizers are two of the most frequently utilized that are capable and still comply with ecological and health-oriented legislations. Moreover, various grades of PVC also exist; for instance, chlorinated PVC (CPVC) is functional for lofty temperature ranges of 93°C (200°F), making it more suitable for industrial piping systems and hot water transport systems.
To reduce the danger of hazardous gas buildup, adequate ventilation and monitoring systems should be added to places where PVC may be exposed to high temperatures. PVC products are effectively utilized even under strenuous thermal conditions when legislative frameworks like ASTM International, ISO, and OSHA are adhered to. Such considerations allow industries to enhance the operational life of PVC applications while ensuring safety in elevated temperature settings.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Q: What is the melting point of polyvinyl chloride (PVC)?
A: The typical melting point of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is approximately between 100 to 260 degrees Celsius (212 to 500 degrees Fahrenheit). This may vary with the specific formulation and type of PVC being used.
Q: How does the density of PVC affect its melting point?
A: The density of PVC may affect the thermal properties, including the melting point. More compact molecular structures, or higher density PVC, may exhibit a higher melting point due to improved structural integrity.
Q: What are the different types of PVC, and do they have different melting points?
A: Different types of PVC include rigid PVC (uPVC) and flexible PVC. Rigid PVC has a higher melting point and is used in construction and piping; flexible PVC is more pliable because it has plasticizers, which lower the melting point relative to uPVC, making it more suitable for use in cables and flooring.
Q: What is the glass transition temperature of PVC?
A: The glass transition temperature for PVC is about 80C (176F) which spikes relevance during the consideration of the melting point of PVC ranges of diverse applications. This is the temperature at which PVC shifts from a rigid, glassy substance into a softer, rubbery form.
Q: How do stabilizers affect PVC melting characteristics?
A: Stabilizers are included in PVC to enhance the thermal stability of the material and avoid its degradation at elevated temperatures. They assist in sustaining the structure and the properties of the material so that it can be exposed to higher temperatures without warping.
Q: What role does PVC’s vinyl chloride monomer have on its properties?
A: The monomer ‘vinyl chloride’ determines the basic properties of PVC, such as chemical resistance, tensile strength, and thermal conduction. It ultimately serves as the building block of the polymer chains encapsulating PVC.
Q: Does vinyl chloride release fumes when PVC is exposed to high temperatures?
A: Hydrogen chloride fumes, which are dangerous and corrosive in nature, are released when PVC is subjected to high temperatures. It is crucial to maintain proper ventilation and manage temperature when working with PVC to decrease risks.
Q: What are the reasons behind choosing PVC for construction?
A: One of the most versatile and durable materials is PVC because of its immense resistance to chemicals. It can undergo injection molding and be molded into varied shapes, allowing it to be used in the construction of pipes, windows, and other materials.
Q: Describe the thermal expansion behaviors of PVC.
A: PVC manifests moderate thermal expansion, meaning it will expand or contract alongside shifts in temperature. This is an important property to note to guarantee structural integrity in construction.
Reference Sources
1. Polyvinyl Chloride: Modification and Study of Structural and Thermal Properties
- Authors: M. Edraki et al.
- Published: 2021-03-09
Key Findings:
- In this work, the authors examined the sodium trisulfide (Na2S3) and ethanol reaction on the PVC polymer, which showcased PVC incorporation of trisulfide bonds.
- Thermal properties were analyzed with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), which indicated that the melting temperature of modified PVC was lower than unmodified PVC.
Methodology:
- The structural features were defined using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Thermal properties were investigated through TGA and DSC.
- Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) was also performed to determine the amount of chlorine and sulfur incorporated in the modified PVC samples(Edraki et al., 2021, pp. 397–409).
2. Study on Thermal Degradation Kinetics, Mechanism, Thermodynamics, Shape Memory Properties, and Application of Artificial Neural Network on Polycaprolactone(PCL)//Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Blends
- Author: P. Demir
- Date Published: 2022-10-21
Key Insights:
- This research concentrates on the thermal degradation behavior of PVC when blended with PCL, observing that the blends’ melting point was affected by the ratio of PCL to PVC.
- The study revealed that the thermal stability of PVC blends was improved with the addition of polycaprolactone.
Methodology:
- The thermal properties of the blends were analyzed using TGA and DSC, which provided information on the blend’s melting and thermal degradation kinetics (Demir, 2022, pp. 9685–9708).
3. Preparation and Characterization of Rubber Matrix Composites with Additive Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
- Authors: D. Dobrotă et al.
- Published: 2020-08-31
Key Findings
- This research investigated the impact of adding PVC on the properties of rubber matrix composites, indicating that the melting point of the composites was influenced by the amount of PVC incorporated.
- It was proven that the addition of PVC improved elasticity and reduced the aging of rubber in the composites.
Methodology
- Various mechanical tests were performed to evaluate the descriptors of the composites. Their thermal behavior was studied with the help of DSC(Dobrotă et al., 2020).
